Training and Development


Introduction
After suitable candidates are selected for various jobs, there is a need for the management to provide for training and development. Training and Development of the personnel is quite essential in these days when the process and techniques of the management have become highly complicated. Training and Development is essential for the improvement of the personnel and for making them fit into their jobs. The efficiency of an organization depends on the training and development of the personnel.

Meaning of Training and Development:

Training is the act of imparting information and special skills to trainee for the purpose of increasing his knowledge and skills for doing the particular job. Training is mainly job oriented. It is given to both new and old personnel throughout their stay in the organization.

On the other hand, development includes the process by which the personnel acquire not only skills and competence in their present jobs, but also capacities for future tasks or positions. Development includes all those activities and programmes, when recognize and controlled, have substantial influence in changing the capacity of the individual to perform is assignment better, and in so doing, are likely to increase potential for future higher assignments. In short, development refers to the programmes which contribute to the growth of the personnel to all respects.

Needs for, and importance and benefits of Training:

Training and Development of the personnel is quite essential for the successful working of any concern. B. Flippo has highlighted the importance of training in the following words “No organization as a choice of whether to train or not, the only choice is that of methods”.

Training offers several benefits. They are:

1.    Training increases the knowledge and skill of the personnel, and there by helps them to increase the quantity and quality of the output.
2.    Training helps the trainee to utilize and develop is full potential
3.    When there is a training, a person doesn’t take much time to achieve the required level of the performance. These gives him job satisfaction.
4.    When training is imparted to personnel, they feel that they are taken care of by the management. This will increase moral of the personnel.
5.    Training enables the personnel to make the best and the most economical use of the resources of the organization. This result in reduction in cost of production.
6.    Trained personnel needs less supervision. That means, training contributes to increase in the span of the management. That is, when personnel are trained, a superior can supervise more subordinates. This results is reduced cost of supervision.
7.    Training helps in building a second in line of competent officers or managers. As a results ,there will be competent replacement for more responsible positions.
8.    The availability of trained personnel ensures the long –term stability and flexibility of the organization.
9.    Buy exposing the personnel to the latest concept, information and techniques, trainings makes the personnel better qualified , and thereby , increases there employability {i.e., their market value and earning power.
10.  Training gives an employee personnel confidence in handling the job assigned to him.

Types of training programmes
Training programmes are four types .There are :
1.    Induction or orientation training.
2.    Job training
3.    Promotional training
4.    Refresher training
Training and Development Methods:
There are a number of training and developed methods for different types of personnel at different levels. The various training and development methods can be broadly classified into two categories. They are (1) On – the –job methods and (2) off-the-job methods.

On-the-job methods:
Refers to the methods which required the trainee to undergo training, while he is actually engaged in work.

There are many on-the-jobs methods of training. There are:
  1. Apprenticeship training
  2. Internship training
  3. Training on specific job
  4. Job rotation
  5. Special project or task force on special assignment
  6. Visible training (i.e., giving training to a employee by the specialists of the concern by duplicating as nearly place as possible the actual working conditions of the work)
  7. Committees and junior boards

Off-the-job methods:
Off-the-job methods refers to methods which require the trainee to leave his work place for under going training programmes. The training programmes may be conduct by the enterprise itself or by the external agencies.

Off-the-job methods include:
  1. Special courses and lectures
  2. Conferences and Seminars
  3. Case studies
  4. Simulation-role playing
  5. Sensitivity training

Under simulation role playing, instead of taking of the trainees to the field, the real situation of the work environment in an organization is presented to the trainees in the training session itself, and the trainee and made to act on samples of real business situation in order to practice in decision-making. Role-playing is one of the common simulation method of training.

Sensitivity training or T-group training means the development of awareness and sensitivity to behavioural pattern of oneself and another. In other words, it is an experiences in inter-personnel relationship which result in a change in feeling an attitudes towards oneself and another. Under this method, the trainees are unable to see themselves as other see them, and develop an understanding and others views and behavior.

This method aims to influence an individual behaviour through group discussion. This method helps the participants to understand how groups actually work and gives them a chance to discuss how they are interpreted by others. It also aims to increasing tolerance for the points of individuals and his ability to understand others.

Performance Appraisal, Employee Appraisal, Employee Rating or Merit Rating

Introduction:

Performance appraisal means the systematic appraisal or evaluation of the performance of personnel by some qualified person. In other words, it is the systematic evaluation of the personality, performance and potential of each of the personnel by his superior or by some other qualified person. In short, it is the systematic evaluation of an Employee’s performance of his job in terms of its requirements

Importance and Advantages of Performance Appraisal

1.    It helps the management to appraise the performance of the personnel, which of immense help to the running of the organization.
2.    It is helpful to the management to rate all the personnel on the same method of measurement.
3.    It forms a scientific basis for management decisions like increase in pay, transfer, promotion, etc.,
4.    It provides the personnel with information relating to their strong and week points. This provides and incentive to the personnel to improve there performance.
5.    It serves as an guidance for the management to consider the types of training, which should be imparted to the personnel.
6.    It helps the management in the proper placements of the personel.
7.    It will help in preventing the grievances of the personnel, if it is conducted scientifically and systematically.
8.    It provides job satisfaction to the personnel, and there by, improves the morale of the personnel.
9.    The records of performance appraisal will be available permanently, and there will protect the management against subsequent charges of discrimination.
10.  It helps management to ensure that the personnel or assigned jobs for which they are best suited.
11.  It helps to evaluate the suitability of the selection policy and procedure of the organization
12.  It helps to evaluate the suitability of the training and development methods adopted by the concern
13.  It helps in improving the employer-employee relations.

Performance Appraisal Methods:

  1. Check List Method
  2. Man-to-man comparison Method
  3. Easy Method
  4. Confidential Report Method.