II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. Define Commerce.

Answer: According to Evelyn Thomas, "Commercial operations deal with the buying and selling of goods, the exchange of commodities and the contribution of finished products".

 

Question 2. What do you mean by industry?

Answer: Industry refers to economic activities, which are connected with conversion of resources into useful goods. The production side of business activity is referred as industry.

 

Question 3. What is trade?

Answer: The term 'trade' is used to denote buying and selling. It is an essential part of commerce.

 

Question 4. Write a short note on transportation.

Answer: The medium which moves men and materials from one place to another is called transport. Selling all the goods produced at or near the production places is not possible. Hence, goods are to be sent to different places where they are demanded.

 

Ill. Short Answer Questions

Question 1. Distinguish between Extractive industries and genetic industries. Answer: Extractive industries:

• These industries extract or draw out products from natural sources.

• Extractive industries supply some basic raw materials that are mostly products of geographical or natural environment.

Genetic industries:

• These industries remain engaged in breeding plants and animals for their use in further reproduction.

• The seeds, nursery company’s poultry. Diary, piggery, hatcheries, nursery, fisheries, apiary etc.

 

Question 2. What do you mean by tertiary industries?

Answer: They do not produce goods. These industries produce utility services and sell them at a profit. They help trade, industry and commerce. This term also includes auxiliaries to trade like banking, insurance, warehouse, advertisement etc.

 

Question 3. Write any three characteristics of commerce.

Answer: 1. Economic Activity: Commerce is an economic activity because it consists of activities which are undertaken for earning profits. A trader buys goods with the aim of selling them at a profit.

2. Exchange of Goods and Services: Commerce involves exchange and distribution of goods and services. Goods may be purchased or produced for sale. Commerce comprises both trade and aids to trade.

3. Profit Motive: The motive of commercial activities is to earn profits. Any activity which does not have the aim of profit will not be a part of commerce.

 

Question 4. Narrate commerce with an example.

Answer: Commerce refers to all those activities which are necessary for bringing goods from the place of production to the place of their consumption. Commerce includes not only trade but also services such as transport. Warehousing, packaging, insurance, banking and sales promotion which are incidental or auxiliaries to trade.

 

IV. Long Answer Questions

 

Question 1. Explain the various kinds of industries on the basis of size.

Answer: 1. Micro Units: A unit wherein investment in plant and machinery is up to Rs. 25 lakhs in case of manufacturing and up to Rs. 10 lakhs in case of service enterprises.

2. Small Units: A manufacturing unit wherein investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs. 25 lakhs but does not exceed Rs.5 crore. In case of service enterprises these limits are Rs. 10 lakhs and Rs. 2 crore respectively.

3. Medium Units: A manufacturing unit wherein investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs.5 crore but does not exceed Rs. 10 crore. In case of service enterprises, these limits are Rs.2 crore and Rs.5 crore respectively.

4. Large Units: A manufacturing unit wherein, investment in plant and machinery exceeds Rs.10 crore. In case of a service unit investment in equipment exceeds Rs.5 crore.

 

Question 2. Compare industry, commerce and trade.

Answer:

 

 Question 3. What are the characteristics of Commerce?

Answer: 1. Economic Activity: Commerce is an economic activity because it consists of activities which are undertaken for earning profits. A trader buys goods with the aim of selling them at a profit.

2. Exchange of Goods and Services: Commerce involves exchange and distribution of goods and services. Goods may be purchased or produced for sale. Commerce comprises both trade and aids to trade.

3. Profit Motive: The motive of commercial activities is to earn profits. Any activity which does not have the aim of profit will not be a part of commerce.

4. Regularity of Transaction: An isolated transaction does not imply commerce.

5. Creation of Utilities: Commerce creates several types of utilities. It creates place utility by carrying goods to the place where they are needed. It makes goods available as and when demanded thereby creating time utility. By creating these utilities commerce helps to increase the volume of trade.

 

Question 4.

Write short notes on:

1. Analytical industry 2. Genetic industry and 3. Construction industry.

Answer: 1. Analytical Industry: It analyses and separates different elements from the same materials, as in the case of oil refinery.

2. Genetic Industries: These industries remain engaged in breeding plants and animals for their use in further reproduction. The seeds, nursery companies, poultry, diary, piggery, hatcheries, nursery. Fisheries, apiary etc. are classic examples of genetic industries.

3. Construction Industries: These industries are involved in the construction of building, dams, bridges, roads, as well as tunnels and canals.

 

Question 5. Briefly explain the auxiliaries of trade.

Answer: Auxiliaries of trade may be classified into five categories:

1. Transportation: Selling all the goods produced at or near the production place is not possible. Hence, goods are to be sent to different places where they are demanded.

2. Banking and Finance: Now — a — days we cannot think of business without bank. A bank is an organization which accepts deposits of money from the public, withdrawals on demand or otherwise, and lends the same to those who need it. Necessary funds can be obtained by businessmen from a bank. Thus. Banking helps business activities to overcome the v problem of finance.

3. Insurance: Business involves various types of risks. Materials and goods held in stock or in transit are subject to the risk of loss or damage. Insurance provides protection in all such cases. On payment of a nominal premium, the amount of loss or damage and compensation for injury, if any, can be recovered from the insurance company.

4. Warehousing: Goods are held in stock to make them available as and when required. Special arrangement must be made for storage of goods to prevent loss or damage. Warehousing helps business firms to overcome the problem of storage and facilities the availability of goods when needed.

5. Advertising: Advertising is one of the most important methods of promoting the sale of products, particularly, consumer’s goods like electronic goods, automobiles, soaps, detergents etc. Advertising helps in providing information about available goods and services and inducing customers to buy particular items.