UGC NET 2021
PAPER 1 EXPECTED CONCEPTS
1. Levels of teaching:
The Overall object of teaching is to build an
overall personality of the learners and it evolves around the development of
learner's capability, thinking, and change in the behaviour of students.
Different level of Teaching
• Memory Level of Teaching
• Understanding Level of Teaching
• Reflective Level of Teaching
Key Points on Memory level
teaching (MLT)
1. Memory level teaching emphasis on
presentation of fact and information and it's all about CRAMMING.
2. Knowledge or information is gained by the
learner through memorization.
3. It is the initial stage of teaching and
induces the habit of ROTE Learning of facts and subject matters
4. It provide students with the ability to
retain and reproduce the learned subject.
5. It covers only the knowledge-based
objectives of Bloom's Taxonomy. At this level, the student learns to identify,
recall or remembers the objects, events, ideas and retain them in memory.
6. The teacher plays a very dominating and
authoritarian role while instructing
7. The evaluation system mainly includes Oral, Written and easy type-examination as well organized and is simple so that it can be acquired through rote learning.
8. The role of the teacher is prominent
(Primary & active) and that of the student is secondary (Secondary &
Passive).
9. Memory level teaching does not improve
intelligence and increase student's capability but this is required for other
types of teaching levels.
The Herbartian theory of apperception
supports that the young children's mind is ready for perceiving themselves and
the world around them. Their mind is ready for a great mass of factual
information including concepts, elements, structures, models and theories. They
can acquire and retain information about a large number of things, objects, and
materials through memorization.
Classification of memory:
·
Immediate memory: when a recall
is immediate Permanent memory: the recalling of material for a longer time.
·
Personal memory: while recalling
the experience, we remember our personal experience Impersonal memory:
recalling from books, and companion.
·
Active memory: make effort to
recall past experiences, recalling answers in exams.
·
Passive memory: recall experience
without effort.
·
Mechanical memory or physical
memory: body becoming habitual of doing any task repeatedly.
·
Rote memory: cramming facts
without understanding.
Logical memory: to learn
something by using intellect and it's recalling when needed.
2. RESEARCH ETHICS
In most research studies three parties are involved: the researcher, the
user and the subject. The interaction of each of these parties with one or both
of the other two parties identifies a series of ethical issues. A number of
questions arise because researchers believe they have the right to seek
information, and subjects believe that they have a certain right to privacy.
Just as there are ethical aspects concerning all human interaction, there are
some ethical questions about business research. Some of the code of ethics to
be followed by the researchers are as given below:
· Researcher should maintain high standards to ensure that the data are
accurate.
· Researcher should not intentionally try to prove a particular point.
· Researcher should ensure that the data have been scientifically
investigated and his findings are totally objective.
· Researcher should not misrepresent the statistical accuracy of the data,
nor should he overstate the significance of the results by altering the
findings.
· Researcher should ensure that privacy and anonymity of the respondents
are preserved.
· Researcher, prior to entering business research, should check for code
of ethics set out by the professional associations.
From the time immediately after World War II until the early 1990’s
there was a gradually developing consensus about the key ethical principles
that should underlie the research endeavour. Two marker events stand out as
symbolic of this consensus. The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial following World War
II brought to public view the ways German scientists had used captive human
subjects as subjects in often tomes gruesome experiments. Events like these
forced the re-examination of ethical standards and the gradual development of a
consensus that potential human subjects needed to be protected from being used
as ‘guinea pigs’ in scientific research.
By the 1990s, the dynamics of the situation changed. Cancer patients and
persons with AIDS fought publicly with the medical research establishment about
the long time needed to get approval for and complete research into potential
cures for fatal disease. In many cases, it is the ethical assumptions of the
previous thirty years that drive this ‘go-slow’ mentality. After all, we could
rather risk denying treatment for a while until we achieve enough confidence in
a treatment, rather than run the risk of harming innocent people. But now,
those who were threatened with fatal illness were saying to the research
establishment that they wanted to be test subject, even under experimental
conditions of considerable risk. You had several very vocal and articulate
patient groups who wanted to be experimented on coming up against an ethical
review system that was designed to protect them from being experimented on.
Although the last few years in the ethics of research have been
tumultuous ones, it is beginning to appear that a new consensus is evolving
that involves the stakeholder groups most affected by a problem participating
more actively in the formulation of guidelines for research. While it’s not
entirely clear, at present, what the new consensus will be, it is almost
certain that it will not fall at either extreme: protecting against human
experimentation at all costs vs. allowing anyone who is willing to be
experimented on.
3. Apex Educational Bodies In India
1. University Grants Commission (UGC)
2.
Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)
3.
Council of Scientific
and Industrial Research (CSIR)
4.
National Testing Agency
(NTA)
5.
National Council of Educational Research and Training
(NCERT)
6.
National Institute of
Open Schooling (NIOS)
7.
Council of Indian
School Certificate Examination (CISCE)
8.
Council of Technical
Education (AICTE)
9.
Council for Agriculture
Research (ICAR)
10.
All India Management
Association (AIMA)
11.
Bar Council of India
(BCI)
12.
Central Institute of
Educational Technology (CIET)
13.
Central Hindi
Directorate (CHD)
14.
Central Institute of
India Languages (CIIL)
15.
Central Institute of
English and Foreign Languages (CIEFL)
16.
Council of Architecture
(COA)
17.
Dental Council of India
(DCI)
4. SWAYAM Prabha
- It has curriculum-based course content covering diverse disciplines.
- This is primarily aimed at making quality learning resources accessible to remote areas where internet availability is still a challenge.
- The DTH channels are using the GSAT-15 satellite for programmes telecast.
Ozone layer depletion is the thinning of the ozone layer present in the upper atmosphere. This happens when the chlorine and bromine atoms in the atmosphere come in contact with ozone and destroy the ozone molecules. One chlorine can destroy 100,000 molecules of ozone. It is destroyed more quickly than it is created.
Some compounds release chlorine and bromine on exposure to high ultraviolet light, which then contributes to the ozone layer depletion. Such compounds are known as Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS).
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
“Ozone depleting substances are the substances such as chlorofluorocarbons, halons, carbon tetrachloride, hydrofluorocarbons, etc. that are responsible for the depletion of ozone layer.”
Global warming is the phenomenon of a gradual increase in the temperature near the earth’s surface. This phenomenon has been observed over the past one or two centuries. This change has disturbed the climatic pattern of the earth. However, the concept of global warming is quite controversial but the scientists have provided relevant data in support of the fact that the temperature of the earth is rising constantly.
There are several causes of global warming, which have a negative effect on humans, plants and animals. These causes may be natural or might be the outcome of human activities. In order to curb the issues, it is very important to understand the negative impacts of global warming.
Causes:
Deforestation
Use of Vehicles
Chlorofluorocarbon
Industrial Development
Agriculture
Overpopulation
Natural Causes of Global Warming
Volcanoes
Water Vapour
Melting Permafrost
Forest Blazes
| BASIS FOR COMPARISON | BLUETOOTH | WIFI |
|---|---|---|
| Bandwidth | Low | High |
| Hardware requirement | Bluetooth adapter on all the devices connecting with each other. | Wireless adapter on all the devices of the network and a wireless router. |
| Ease of Use | Fairly simple to use and switching between devices is easier. | It is more complex and requires configuration of hardware and software. |
| Range | 10 meters | 100 meters |
| Security | Less secure comparatively | Security features are better. Still, there are some risks. |
| Power consumption | Low | High |
| Frequency range | 2.400 GHz and 2.483 GHz | 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz |
| Flexibility | Supports limited number of user | It provides support for a large number of users |
| Modulation techniques | GFSK (Gaussian frequency shift keying) | OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) and QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) |
8. Structure and kinds of Anumana